PROJECT 1: BRAIN

Neuro Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis
PIs: Gretchen Neigh and Vasiliki Michopoulos
Sex hormones are influential in setting the tone of immune responses and estradiol exhibits a particularly strong influence that varies across the life cycle in women.
Although largely anti-inflammatory and protective, estradiol can have divergent effects. In addition, the influence and availability of estradiol changes with aging, most notably with the menopause transition. Furthermore, exposure to stressors can impact the functions of sex hormones, including estradiol.
Women living with HIV (WLH) may be more vulnerable to the effects of stress and trauma exposure on hormone function and precipitated changes may manifest as enhanced inflammatory signaling. This project will further our understanding of the biology of aging, and specifically the prognosis of WLH, and characterize the link between immunosenescence and endocrinesenescence.
Our research activities are defining estrogen deficiency at both the systemic and receptor level and evaluating the extent to which global variation in these parameters predicts pro-inflammatory pathways in WLH. We are conducting clinical interviews to assess trauma exposure and trauma-related hyperarousal to examine how these factors interact with HIV to exacerbate estrogen deficiency and inflammation. Furthermore, are characterizing the influence of trauma exposure and estrogen receptor function on inflammation at the molecular level in WLH.
Overall, the data generated from this project will provide critical information about the influence of estradiol signaling on inflammation in WLH and provide mechanistic insight more broadly into the influence of estradiol receptor function on inflammation. Because trauma exposure and its related adverse mental health outcomes (i.e. posttraumatic stress disorder; PTSD) are poorly controlled in WLH, and PTSD has dangerous implications for HIV pathogenesis and transmission, it is of critical importance to identify the effects of trauma and PTSD comorbidity with HIV in order to titrate the most effective treatment approaches for this complex comorbidity.