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Profile

William Shafer PhD

  • Department of Microbiology and Immunology
    Professor
  • (404) 321-6111
  • wshafer@emory.edu
  • Pubmed
  • Emory University School of Medicine
    Microbiology and Immunology
    Clifton Road
Head shot of William Shafer

Overview

William Shafer received his PhD degree in Microbiology from Kansas State University in 1979 where he studied the genetics of enterotoxin synthesis by Staphylococcus aureus. After postdoctoral studies with P.F. Sparling at the University of North Carolina where he studied the genetics of antibiotic resistance expressed by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, he moved to Emory University School of Medicine where he now Full Professor. He is also a Senior Research Career Scientist at the Atlanta VA Medical Center. He has been continually funded by the NIH and VA since 1984, has published over 115 manuscripts, serves on multiple Editorial Boards and served on several NIH, VA and international study sections.

Research
Genetics of antibiotic resistance; antimicrobial peptides; transcriptional regulation of gene expression; mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis. The Shafer laboratory is interested in proteins produced Neisseria gonorrhoeae that form drug efflux pumps that export antimicrobial compounds to the extracellular fluid. We are also interested in the molecular regulation of the expression of their genes as this is a critical component in bacterial survival during infection and antibiotic therapy. We are also defining the structure function relationships of cationic antibacterial peptides produced by neutrophils and certain epithelial cells. These peptides are thought to be important in host defense against infection and bacteria have developed multiple ways to counteract their antibacterial action. Using Neisseria gonorrhoeae as a model target pathogen to better understand the mechanisms of peptide killing and bacterial resistance, we are isolating and studying mutants that express altered levels of susceptibility to human host defense antibacterial peptides

Academic Appointment

  • Professor, Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine

Education

Degrees

  • PhD Microbiology from Kansas State University

Research

Focus

  • 1.Genetics of pathogenesis 2.Interaction of Gram-negative bacteria with humoral and cellular defense systems 3.Structural-functional relationships of Gram-negative outer membranes 4.Physiology, genetics and gene regulation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae 5.Antimicrobial agents: Mode of action and mechanisms of microbial resistance

Publications

  • Murine modeling of menstruation identifies immune correlates of protection during Chlamydia muridarum challenge.
    PLoS Pathog Volume: 21 Page(s): e1012276
    06/01/2025 Authors: Lawrence LA; Williams ME; Vidal P; Varughese RS; Li Z-RT; Chen TD; Roy MA; Tuske SC; Lowen AC; Scharer CD
  • Structural and functional diversity of Resistance-Nodulation-Division (RND) efflux pump transporters with implications for antimicrobial resistance.
    Microbiol Mol Biol Rev Volume: 88 Page(s): e0008923
    09/26/2024 Authors: Kavanaugh LG; Dey D; Shafer WM; Conn GL
  • Experimental genital tract infection demonstrates Neisseria gonorrhoeae MtrCDE efflux pump is not required for in vivo human infection and identifies gonococcal colonization bottleneck.
    PLoS Pathog Volume: 20 Page(s): e1012578
    09/01/2024 Authors: Waltmann A; Balthazar JT; Begum AA; Hua N; Jerse AE; Shafer WM; Hobbs MM; Duncan JA
  • Transcriptional responses of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to glucose and lactate: implications for resistance to oxidative damage and biofilm formation.
    mBio Volume: 15 Page(s): e0176124
    08/14/2024 Authors: Ayala JC; Balthazar JT; Shafer WM
  • Erratum for Balthazar et al., "A laboratory-based predictive pathway for the development of Neisseria gonorrhoeae high-level resistance to corallopyronin A, an inhibitor of bacterial RNA polymerase".
    Microbiol Spectr Volume: 12 Page(s): e0140624
    08/06/2024 Authors: Balthazar JT; Golparian D; Unemo M; Read TD; Grosse M; Stadler M; Pfarr K; Schiefer A; Hoerauf A; Edwards JL
  • Ensuring a sustained workforce to combat antibiotic resistance in the 21st century: the critical need for training the next-gen of scientists at the pre-doctoral level.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother Volume: 68 Page(s): e0024424
    06/05/2024 Authors: Shafer WM; Conn GL
  • A laboratory-based predictive pathway for the development of Neisseria gonorrhoeae high-level resistance to corallopyronin A, an inhibitor of bacterial RNA polymerase.
    Microbiol Spectr Volume: 12 Page(s): e0056024
    06/04/2024 Authors: Balthazar JT; Golparian D; Unemo M; Read TD; Grosse M; Stadler M; Pfarr K; Schiefer A; Hoerauf A; Edwards JL
  • Murine modeling of menstruation identifies immune correlates of protection during Chlamydia muridarum challenge.
    bioRxiv
    05/23/2024 Authors: Lawrence LA; Vidal P; Varughese RS; Tiger Li Z-R; Chen TD; Tuske SC; Jimenez AR; Lowen AC; Shafer WM; Swaims-Kohlmeier A
  • Hormonal steroids induce multidrug resistance and stress response genes in Neisseria gonorrhoeae by binding to MtrR.
    Nat Commun Volume: 15 Page(s): 1153
    02/07/2024 Authors: Hooks GM; Ayala JC; Holley CL; Dhulipala V; Beggs GA; Perfect JR; Schumacher MA; Shafer WM; Brennan RG
  • Transcriptional activation of ompA in Neisseria gonorrhoeae mediated by the XRE family member protein NceR.
    mBio Volume: 14 Page(s): e0124423
    08/31/2023 Authors: Holley CL; Dhulipala V; Maurakis SA; Greenawalt AN; Read TD; Cornelissen CN; Shafer WM
  • High-level in vitro resistance to gentamicin acquired in a stepwise manner in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    J Antimicrob Chemother Volume: 78 Page(s): 1769 - 1778
    07/05/2023 Authors: Golparian D; Jacobsson S; Holley CL; Shafer WM; Unemo M
  • Structural Basis of Peptide-Based Antimicrobial Inhibition of a Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division Multidrug Efflux Pump.
    Microbiol Spectr Volume: 10 Page(s): e0299022
    10/26/2022 Authors: Lyu M; Ayala JC; Chirakos I; Su C-C; Shafer WM; Yu EW
  • Potent In Vitro and Ex Vivo Anti-Gonococcal Activity of the RpoB Inhibitor Corallopyronin A.
    mSphere Volume: 7 Page(s): e0036222
    10/26/2022 Authors: Edwards JL; Balthazar JT; Esposito DLA; Ayala JC; Schiefer A; Pfarr K; Hoerauf A; Alt S; Hesterkamp T; Grosse M
  • Transcriptional regulation of the mtrCDE efflux pump operon: importance for Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance.
    Microbiology (Reading) Volume: 168
    08/01/2022 Authors: Ayala JC; Balthazar JT; Shafer WM
  • A Single Amino Acid Substitution in Elongation Factor G Can Confer Low-Level Gentamicin Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother Volume: 66 Page(s): e0025122
    05/17/2022 Authors: Holley CL; Dhulipala V; Balthazar JT; Le Van A; Begum AA; Chen S-C; Read TD; Matoga M; Hoffman IF; Golparian D
  • Gonococcal Clinical Strains Bearing a Common gdhR Single Nucleotide Polymorphism That Results in Enhanced Expression of the Virulence Gene lctP Frequently Possess a mtrR Promoter Mutation That Decreases Antibiotic Susceptibility.
    mBio Volume: 13 Page(s): e0027622
    04/26/2022 Authors: Ayala JC; Schmerer MW; Kersh EN; Unemo M; Shafer WM
  • Structures of Neisseria gonorrhoeae MtrR-operator complexes reveal molecular mechanisms of DNA recognition and antibiotic resistance-conferring clinical mutations.
    Nucleic Acids Res Volume: 49 Page(s): 4155 - 4170
    04/19/2021 Authors: Beggs GA; Ayala JC; Kavanaugh LG; Read TD; Hooks GM; Schumacher MA; Shafer WM; Brennan RG
  • A community-driven resource for genomic epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance prediction of Neisseria gonorrhoeae at Pathogenwatch.
    Genome Med Volume: 13 Page(s): 61
    04/19/2021 Authors: Snchez-Bus L; Yeats CA; Taylor B; Goater RJ; Underwood A; Abudahab K; Argimn S; Ma KC; Mortimer TD; Golparian D
  • The serogroup B meningococcal outer membrane vesicle-based vaccine 4CMenB induces cross-species protection against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    PLoS Pathog Volume: 16 Page(s): e1008602
    12/01/2020 Authors: Leduc I; Connolly KL; Begum A; Underwood K; Darnell S; Shafer WM; Balthazar JT; Macintyre AN; Sempowski GD; Duncan JA
  • Drug Targeting a Gonococcal Virulence Factor Exploits Host Antimicrobial Peptides in Clearance of Infection.
    J Infect Dis Volume: 222 Page(s): 1585 - 1586
    10/13/2020 Authors: Shafer WM
  • Azithromycin susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the USA in 2017: a genomic analysis of surveillance data.
    Lancet Microbe Volume: 1 Page(s): e154 - e164
    08/01/2020 Authors: Gernert KM; Seby S; Schmerer MW; Thomas JC; Pham CD; Cyr SS; Schlanger K; Weinstock H; Shafer WM; Raphael BH
  • Transcriptional control of the gonococcal ompA gene by the MisR/MisS two-component regulatory system.
    Sci Rep Volume: 10 Page(s): 9425
    06/10/2020 Authors: Holley CL; Ayala JC; Shafer WM
  • Cryo-EM Structures of a Gonococcal Multidrug Efflux Pump Illuminate a Mechanism of Drug Recognition and Resistance.
    mBio Volume: 11
    05/26/2020 Authors: Lyu M; Moseng MA; Reimche JL; Holley CL; Dhulipala V; Su C-C; Shafer WM; Yu EW
  • Reply: Evidence of Recent Genomic Evolution in Gonococcal Strains With Decreased Susceptibility to Cephalosporins or Azithromycin in the United States, 2014-2016.
    J Infect Dis Volume: 221 Page(s): 852 - 853
    02/18/2020 Authors: Thomas JC; Kersh EN; Gernert KM; Shafer WM; Raphael BH
  • Identification of a Neisseria gonorrhoeae Histone Deacetylase: Epigenetic Impact on Host Gene Expression.
    Pathogens Volume: 9
    02/18/2020 Authors: Zughaier SM; Rouquette-Loughlin CE; Shafer WM
  • Genomic evolution of Neisseria gonorrhoeae since the preantibiotic era (1928-2013): antimicrobial use/misuse selects for resistance and drives evolution.
    BMC Genomics Volume: 21 Page(s): 116
    02/03/2020 Authors: Golparian D; Harris SR; Snchez-Bus L; Hoffmann S; Shafer WM; Bentley SD; Jensen JS; Unemo M
  • Developing target product profiles for Neisseria gonorrhoeae diagnostics in the context of antimicrobial resistance: An expert consensus.
    PLoS One Volume: 15 Page(s): e0237424
    01/01/2020 Authors: Ferreyra C; Osborn J; Moussy F; Alirol E; Lahra M; Whiley D; Shafer W; Unemo M; Klausner J; Kelly Cirino C
  • Transcriptional regulation of a gonococcal gene encoding a virulence factor (L-lactate permease).
    PLoS Pathog Volume: 15 Page(s): e1008233
    12/01/2019 Authors: Ayala JC; Shafer WM
  • Structural, Biochemical, and In Vivo Characterization of MtrR-Mediated Resistance to Innate Antimicrobials by the Human Pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    J Bacteriol Volume: 201
    10/15/2019 Authors: Beggs GA; Zalucki YM; Brown NG; Rastegari S; Phillips RK; Palzkill T; Shafer WM; Kumaraswami M; Brennan RG
  • Could Dampening Expression of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae mtrCDE-Encoded Efflux Pump Be a Strategy To Preserve Currently or Resurrect Formerly Used Antibiotics To Treat Gonorrhea?
    mBio Volume: 10
    08/13/2019 Authors: Chen S; Connolly KL; Rouquette-Loughlin C; D'Andrea A; Jerse AE; Shafer WM
  • Evidence of Recent Genomic Evolution in Gonococcal Strains With Decreased Susceptibility to Cephalosporins or Azithromycin in the United States, 2014-2016.
    J Infect Dis Volume: 220 Page(s): 294 - 305
    06/19/2019 Authors: Thomas JC; Seby S; Abrams AJ; Cartee J; Lucking S; Vidyaprakash E; Schmerer M; Pham CD; Hong J; Torrone E
  • Antimicrobial Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Proceedings of the STAR Sexually Transmitted Infection-Clinical Trial Group Programmatic Meeting.
    Sex Transm Dis Volume: 46 Page(s): e18 - e25
    03/01/2019 Authors: Cristillo AD; Bristow CC; Torrone E; Dillon J-A; Kirkcaldy RD; Dong H; Grad YH; Nicholas RA; Rice PA; Lawrence K
  • Mechanistic Basis for Decreased Antimicrobial Susceptibility in a Clinical Isolate of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Possessing a Mosaic-Like mtr Efflux Pump Locus.
    mBio Volume: 9
    11/27/2018 Authors: Rouquette-Loughlin CE; Reimche JL; Balthazar JT; Dhulipala V; Gernert KM; Kersh EN; Pham CD; Pettus K; Abrams AJ; Trees DL
  • Mosaic Drug Efflux Gene Sequences from Commensal Neisseria Can Lead to Low-Level Azithromycin Resistance Expressed by Neisseria gonorrhoeae Clinical Isolates.
    mBio Volume: 9
    09/11/2018 Authors: Shafer WM
  • cis- and trans-Acting Factors Influence Expression of the norM-Encoded Efflux Pump of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Levels of Gonococcal Susceptibility to Substrate Antimicrobials
    ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY Volume: 62
    08/01/2018 Authors: Rouquette-Loughlin CE; Dhulipala V; Reimche JL; Raterman E; Begum AA; Jerse AE; Shafer WM
  • cis- and trans-Acting Factors Influence Expression of the norM-Encoded Efflux Pump of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Levels of Gonococcal Susceptibility to Substrate Antimicrobials.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother Volume: 62
    08/01/2018 Authors: Rouquette-Loughlin CE; Dhulipala V; Reimche JL; Raterman E; Begum AA; Jerse AE; Shafer WM
  • Copper Ions and Coordination Complexes as Novel Carbapenem Adjuvants.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother Volume: 62
    02/01/2018 Authors: Djoko KY; Achard MES; Phan M-D; Lo AW; Miraula M; Prombhul S; Hancock SJ; Peters KM; Sidjabat HE; Harris PN
  • Structure-Function Relationships of the Neisserial EptA Enzyme Responsible for Phosphoethanolamine Decoration of Lipid A: Rationale for Drug Targeting.
    Front Microbiol Volume: 9 Page(s): 1922
    01/01/2018 Authors: Kahler CM; Nawrocki KL; Anandan A; Vrielink A; Shafer WM
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Drug Resistance, Mouse Models, and Vaccine Development.
    Annu Rev Microbiol Volume: 71 Page(s): 665 - 686
    09/08/2017 Authors: Rice PA; Shafer WM; Ram S; Jerse AE
  • DAMPENING OF THE MTRCDE EFFLUX PUMP OPERON IN NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE STRAIN HO41 ENHANCES GONOCOCCAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PENICILLIN
    Volume: 93 Page(s): A47 - A48
    07/01/2017 Authors: Sc C; Zugnhaier S; Unemo M; Shafer WM
  • Multidrug-resistant gonorrhea: A research and development roadmap to discover new medicines.
    PLoS Med Volume: 14 Page(s): e1002366
    07/01/2017 Authors: Alirol E; Wi TE; Bala M; Bazzo ML; Chen X-S; Deal C; Dillon J-AR; Kularatne R; Heim J; Hooft van Huijsduijnen R
  • Control of gdhR Expression in Neisseria gonorrhoeae via Autoregulation and a Master Repressor (MtrR) of a Drug Efflux Pump Operon.
    mBio Volume: 8
    04/11/2017 Authors: Rouquette-Loughlin CE; Zalucki YM; Dhulipala VL; Balthazar JT; Doyle RG; Nicholas RA; Begum AA; Raterman EL; Jerse AE; Shafer WM
  • Whole-Genome Sequencing of a Large Panel of Contemporary Neisseria gonorrhoeae Clinical Isolates Indicates that a Wild-Type mtrA Gene Is Common: Implications for Inducible Antimicrobial Resistance.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother Volume: 61
    04/01/2017 Authors: Vidyaprakash E; Abrams AJ; Shafer WM; Trees DL
  • Does the Cervicovaginal Microbiome Facilitate Transmission of Neisseria gonorrhoeae From Women to Men? Implications for Understanding Transmission of Gonorrhea and Advancing Vaccine Development.
    J Infect Dis Volume: 214 Page(s): 1615 - 1617
    12/01/2016 Authors: Shafer WM
  • The genes that encode the gonococcal transferrin binding proteins, TbpB and TbpA, are differentially regulated by MisR under iron-replete and iron-depleted conditions.
    Mol Microbiol Volume: 102 Page(s): 137 - 151
    10/01/2016 Authors: Kandler JL; Acevedo RV; Dickinson MK; Cash DR; Shafer WM; Cornelissen CN
  • The MisR Response Regulator Is Necessary for Intrinsic Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide and Aminoglycoside Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother Volume: 60 Page(s): 4690 - 4700
    08/01/2016 Authors: Kandler JL; Holley CL; Reimche JL; Dhulipala V; Balthazar JT; Muszyski A; Carlson RW; Shafer WM
  • Antimicrobial Resistance Expressed by Neisseria gonorrhoeae: A Major Global Public Health Problem in the 21st Century.
    Microbiol Spectr Volume: 4
    06/01/2016 Authors: Unemo M; Del Rio C; Shafer WM
  • On the in vivo significance of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial peptides.
    Biochim Biophys Acta Volume: 1848 Page(s): 3101 - 3111
    11/01/2015 Authors: Bauer ME; Shafer WM
  • Copper(II)-Bis(Thiosemicarbazonato) Complexes as Antibacterial Agents: Insights into Their Mode of Action and Potential as Therapeutics.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother Volume: 59 Page(s): 6444 - 6453
    10/01/2015 Authors: Djoko KY; Goytia MM; Donnelly PS; Schembri MA; Shafer WM; McEwan AG
  • Future treatment of gonorrhea--novel emerging drugs are essential and in progress?
    Expert Opin Emerg Drugs Volume: 20 Page(s): 357 - 360
    09/01/2015 Authors: Unemo M; Shafer WM
  • EFFLUX PUMPS IN NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE - CAUSE OF RESISTANCE AND TARGETS FOR THERAPEUTICS AND VACCINE?
    Volume: 91 Page(s): A18 - A18
    09/01/2015 Authors: Shafer W
  • Characterization of a spermine/spermidine transport system reveals a novel DNA sequence duplication in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    FEMS Microbiol Lett Volume: 362
    08/01/2015 Authors: Goytia M; Hawel L; Dhulipala VL; Joseph SJ; Read TD; Shafer WM
  • The Transcriptional Repressor, MtrR, of the mtrCDE Efflux Pump Operon of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Can Also Serve as an Activator of "off Target" Gene (glnE) Expression.
    Antibiotics (Basel) Volume: 4 Page(s): 188 - 197
    06/01/2015 Authors: Johnson PJT; Shafer WM
  • Structure and function of Neisseria gonorrhoeae MtrF illuminates a class of antimetabolite efflux pumps.
    Cell Rep Volume: 11 Page(s): 61 - 70
    04/07/2015 Authors: Su C-C; Bolla JR; Kumar N; Radhakrishnan A; Long F; Delmar JA; Chou T-H; Rajashankar KR; Shafer WM; Yu EW
  • Overproduction of the MtrCDE efflux pump in Neisseria gonorrhoeae produces unexpected changes in cellular transcription patterns.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother Volume: 59 Page(s): 724 - 726
    01/01/2015 Authors: Ohneck EA; Goytia M; Rouquette-Loughlin CE; Joseph SJ; Read TD; Jerse AE; Shafer WM
  • Population structure of Neisseria gonorrhoeae based on whole genome data and its relationship with antibiotic resistance.
    PeerJ Volume: 3 Page(s): e806
    01/01/2015 Authors: Ezewudo MN; Joseph SJ; Castillo-Ramirez S; Dean D; Del Rio C; Didelot X; Dillon J-A; Selden RF; Shafer WM; Turingan RS
  • Phosphoethanolamine Modification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Lipid A Reduces Autophagy Flux in Macrophages.
    PLoS One Volume: 10 Page(s): e0144347
    01/01/2015 Authors: Zughaier SM; Kandler JL; Balthazar JT; Shafer WM
  • Genetic Resistance Determinants, In Vitro Time-Kill Curve Analysis and Pharmacodynamic Functions for the Novel Topoisomerase II Inhibitor ETX0914 (AZD0914) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    Front Microbiol Volume: 6 Page(s): 1377
    01/01/2015 Authors: Foerster S; Golparian D; Jacobsson S; Hathaway LJ; Low N; Shafer WM; Althaus CL; Unemo M
  • Identification of regulatory elements that control expression of the tbpBA operon in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    J Bacteriol Volume: 196 Page(s): 2762 - 2774
    08/01/2014 Authors: Vlez Acevedo RN; Ronpirin C; Kandler JL; Shafer WM; Cornelissen CN
  • Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the 21st century: past, evolution, and future.
    Clin Microbiol Rev Volume: 27 Page(s): 587 - 613
    07/01/2014 Authors: Unemo M; Shafer WM
  • Phase-variable expression of lptA modulates the resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to cationic antimicrobial peptides.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother Volume: 58 Page(s): 4230 - 4233
    07/01/2014 Authors: Kandler JL; Joseph SJ; Balthazar JT; Dhulipala V; Read TD; Jerse AE; Shafer WM
  • Importance of multidrug efflux pumps in the antimicrobial resistance property of clinical multidrug-resistant isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother Volume: 58 Page(s): 3556 - 3559
    06/01/2014 Authors: Golparian D; Shafer WM; Ohnishi M; Unemo M
  • Challenges with gonorrhea in the era of multi-drug and extensively drug resistance - are we on the right track?
    Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther Volume: 12 Page(s): 653 - 656
    06/01/2014 Authors: Unemo M; Golparian D; Shafer WM
  • Phosphoethanolamine decoration of Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipid A plays a dual immunostimulatory and protective role during experimental genital tract infection.
    Infect Immun Volume: 82 Page(s): 2170 - 2179
    06/01/2014 Authors: Packiam M; Yedery RD; Begum AA; Carlson RW; Ganguly J; Sempowski GD; Ventevogel MS; Shafer WM; Jerse AE
  • Crystal structure of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae MtrD inner membrane multidrug efflux pump.
    PLoS One Volume: 9 Page(s): e97903
    01/01/2014 Authors: Bolla JR; Su C-C; Do SV; Radhakrishnan A; Kumar N; Long F; Chou T-H; Delmar JA; Lei H-T; Rajashankar KR
  • Crystal structure of the open state of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae MtrE outer membrane channel.
    PLoS One Volume: 9 Page(s): e97475
    01/01/2014 Authors: Lei H-T; Chou T-H; Su C-C; Bolla JR; Kumar N; Radhakrishnan A; Long F; Delmar JA; Do SV; Rajashankar KR
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae modulates iron-limiting innate immune defenses in macrophages.
    PLoS One Volume: 9 Page(s): e87688
    01/01/2014 Authors: Zughaier SM; Kandler JL; Shafer WM
  • Lipid A's structure mediates Neisseria gonorrhoeae fitness during experimental infection of mice and men.
    mBio Volume: 4 Page(s): e00892 - e00813
    11/19/2013 Authors: Hobbs MM; Anderson JE; Balthazar JT; Kandler JL; Carlson RW; Ganguly J; Begum AA; Duncan JA; Lin JT; Sparling PF
  • Spermine impairs biofilm formation by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    FEMS Microbiol Lett Volume: 343 Page(s): 64 - 69
    06/01/2013 Authors: Goytia M; Dhulipala VL; Shafer WM
  • CDC Grand Rounds: The Growing Threat of Multidrug-Resistant Gonorrhea (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 62, pg 103-106, 2013)
    JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Volume: 309 Page(s): 1453 - 1455
    04/10/2013 Authors: Hook EW; Shafer W; Deal C; Kirkcaldy RD; Iskander J
  • CDC Grand Rounds: the growing threat of multidrug-resistant gonorrhea.
    MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Volume: 62 Page(s): 103 - 106
    02/15/2013 Authors: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
  • Phosphoethanolamine residues on the lipid A moiety of Neisseria gonorrhoeae lipooligosaccharide modulate binding of complement inhibitors and resistance to complement killing.
    Infect Immun Volume: 81 Page(s): 33 - 42
    01/01/2013 Authors: Lewis LA; Shafer WM; Dutta Ray T; Ram S; Rice PA
  • MtrR control of a transcriptional regulatory pathway in Neisseria meningitidis that influences expression of a gene (nadA) encoding a vaccine candidate.
    PLoS One Volume: 8 Page(s): e56097
    01/01/2013 Authors: Cloward JM; Shafer WM
  • Dueling regulatory properties of a transcriptional activator (MtrA) and repressor (MtrR) that control efflux pump gene expression in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    mBio Volume: 3 Page(s): e00446 - e00412
    12/04/2012 Authors: Zalucki YM; Dhulipala V; Shafer WM
  • Impact of fluoroquinolone resistance mutations on gonococcal fitness and in vivo selection for compensatory mutations.
    J Infect Dis Volume: 205 Page(s): 1821 - 1829
    06/15/2012 Authors: Kunz AN; Begum AA; Wu H; D'Ambrozio JA; Robinson JM; Shafer WM; Bash MC; Jerse AE
  • MpeR regulates the mtr efflux locus in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and modulates antimicrobial resistance by an iron-responsive mechanism.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother Volume: 56 Page(s): 1491 - 1501
    03/01/2012 Authors: Mercante AD; Jackson L; Johnson PJT; Stringer VA; Dyer DW; Shafer WM
  • Clinically Relevant Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms Can Enhance the In Vivo Fitness of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
    Page(s): 371 - 386
    01/01/2012 Authors: Ohneck EA; D'Ambrozio JA; Kunz AN; Jerse AE; Shafer WM
  • The iron-repressed, AraC-like regulator MpeR activates expression of fetA in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    Infect Immun Volume: 79 Page(s): 4764 - 4776
    12/01/2011 Authors: Hollander A; Mercante AD; Shafer WM; Cornelissen CN
  • Directed evolution of efficient secretion in the SRP-dependent export of TolB.
    Biochim Biophys Acta Volume: 1808 Page(s): 2544 - 2550
    10/01/2011 Authors: Zalucki YM; Shafer WM; Jennings MP
  • Antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: origin, evolution, and lessons learned for the future.
    Volume: 1230 Page(s): E19 - E28
    08/01/2011 Authors: Unemo M; Shafer WM
  • The evolution of infectious agents in relation to sex in animals and humans: brief discussions of some individual organisms.
    Volume: 1230 Page(s): 74 - 107
    08/01/2011 Authors: Reed DL; Currier RW; Walton SF; Conrad M; Sullivan SA; Carlton JM; Read TD; Severini A; Tyler S; Eberle R
  • Off-target gene regulation mediated by transcriptional repressors of antimicrobial efflux pump genes in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother Volume: 55 Page(s): 2559 - 2565
    06/01/2011 Authors: Johnson PJT; Stringer VA; Shafer WM
  • Efflux pumps of the resistance-nodulation-division family: a perspective of their structure, function, and regulation in gram-negative bacteria.
    Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol Volume: 77 Page(s): 109 - 146
    01/01/2011 Authors: Routh MD; Zalucki Y; Su C-C; Zhang Q; Shafer WM; Yu EW
  • A novel mechanism of high-level, broad-spectrum antibiotic resistance caused by a single base pair change in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    mBio Volume: 2
    01/01/2011 Authors: Ohneck EA; Zalucki YM; Johnson PJT; Dhulipala V; Golparian D; Unemo M; Jerse AE; Shafer WM
  • Lipooligosaccharide Structure is an Important Determinant in the Resistance of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae to Antimicrobial Agents of Innate Host Defense.
    Front Microbiol Volume: 2 Page(s): 30
    01/01/2011 Authors: Balthazar JT; Gusa A; Martin LE; Choudhury B; Carlson R; Shafer WM
  • Experimental Gonococcal Infection in Male Volunteers: Cumulative Experience with Neisseria gonorrhoeae Strains FA1090 and MS11mkC.
    Front Microbiol Volume: 2 Page(s): 123
    01/01/2011 Authors: Hobbs MM; Sparling PF; Cohen MS; Shafer WM; Deal CD; Jerse AE
  • Taking the gonococcus-human relationship to a whole new level: implications for the coevolution of microbes and humans.
    mBio Volume: 2 Page(s): e00067 - e00011
    01/01/2011 Authors: Shafer WM; Ohneck EA
  • The human host defense peptide LL-37 interacts with Neisseria meningitidis capsular polysaccharides and inhibits inflammatory mediators release.
    PLoS One Volume: 5 Page(s): e13627
    10/26/2010 Authors: Zughaier SM; Svoboda P; Pohl J; Stephens DS; Shafer WM
  • Human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 induces MefE/Mel-mediated macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother Volume: 54 Page(s): 3516 - 3519
    08/01/2010 Authors: Zhner D; Zhou X; Chancey ST; Pohl J; Shafer WM; Stephens DS
  • Polyamines can increase resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to mediators of the innate human host defense.
    Infect Immun Volume: 78 Page(s): 3187 - 3195
    07/01/2010 Authors: Goytia M; Shafer WM
  • Altered growth, pigmentation, and antimicrobial susceptibility properties of Staphylococcus aureus due to loss of the major cold shock gene cspB.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother Volume: 54 Page(s): 2283 - 2290
    06/01/2010 Authors: Duval BD; Mathew A; Satola SW; Shafer WM
  • Biologic activities of the TolC-like protein of Neisseria meningitidis as assessed by functional complementation in Escherichia coli.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother Volume: 54 Page(s): 506 - 508
    01/01/2010 Authors: Kamal N; Shafer WM
  • Phosphoethanolamine substitution of lipid A and resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to cationic antimicrobial peptides and complement-mediated killing by normal human serum.
    Infect Immun Volume: 77 Page(s): 1112 - 1120
    03/01/2009 Authors: Lewis LA; Choudhury B; Balthazar JT; Martin LE; Ram S; Rice PA; Stephens DS; Carlson R; Shafer WM
  • MtrR modulates rpoH expression and levels of antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    J Bacteriol Volume: 191 Page(s): 287 - 297
    01/01/2009 Authors: Folster JP; Johnson PJT; Jackson L; Dhulipali V; Dyer DW; Shafer WM
  • Clinically relevant mutations that cause derepression of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae MtrC-MtrD-MtrE Efflux pump system confer different levels of antimicrobial resistance and in vivo fitness.
    Mol Microbiol Volume: 70 Page(s): 462 - 478
    10/01/2008 Authors: Warner DM; Shafer WM; Jerse AE
  • Functional cloning and characterization of the multidrug efflux pumps NorM from Neisseria gonorrhoeae and YdhE from Escherichia coli.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother Volume: 52 Page(s): 3052 - 3060
    09/01/2008 Authors: Long F; Rouquette-Loughlin C; Shafer WM; Yu EW
  • Phenotypic and genotypic analyses of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates that express frequently recovered PorB PIA variable region types suggest that certain P1a porin sequences confer a selective advantage for urogenital tract infection.
    Infect Immun Volume: 76 Page(s): 3700 - 3709
    08/01/2008 Authors: Garvin LE; Bash MC; Keys C; Warner DM; Ram S; Shafer WM; Jerse AE
  • Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the multidrug efflux transporter NorM from Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun Volume: 64 Page(s): 289 - 292
    04/01/2008 Authors: Su C-C; Long F; McDermott G; Shafer WM; Yu EW
  • Regulation of the MtrC-MtrD-MtrE efflux-pump system modulates the in vivo fitness of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    Volume: 196 Page(s): 1804 - 1812
    12/15/2007 Authors: Warner DM; Folster JP; Shafer WM; Jerse AE
  • The TolC-like protein of neisseria meningitidis is required for extracellular production of the repeats-in-toxin toxin FrpC but not for resistance to antimicrobials recognized by the Mtr efflux pump system.
    Infect Immun Volume: 75 Page(s): 6008 - 6012
    12/01/2007 Authors: Kamal N; Rouquette-Loughlin C; Shafer WM
  • Two ABC transporter operons and the antimicrobial resistance gene mtrF are pilT responsive in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    J Bacteriol Volume: 189 Page(s): 5399 - 5402
    07/01/2007 Authors: Friedrich A; Arvidson CG; Shafer WM; Lee E-H; So M
  • Differential regulation of ponA and pilMNOPQ expression by the MtrR transcriptional regulatory protein in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    J Bacteriol Volume: 189 Page(s): 4569 - 4577
    07/01/2007 Authors: Folster JP; Dhulipala V; Nicholas RA; Shafer WM
  • Gonococcal lipooligosaccharide phosphoethanolamine substitutions modulate serum resistance and C4bp binding
    Volume: 44 Page(s): 204 - 205
    01/01/2007 Authors: Lewis L; Ram S; Balthazar J; Martin L; Tzeng Y-L; Stephen D; Rice P; Shafer W
  • Integration Host Factor is required for FarR repression of the farAB-encoded efflux pump of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    Mol Microbiol Volume: 60 Page(s): 1381 - 1400
    06/01/2006 Authors: Lee E-H; Hill SA; Napier R; Shafer WM
  • Towards an understanding of chromosomally mediated penicillin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: evidence for a porin-efflux pump collaboration.
    J Bacteriol Volume: 188 Page(s): 2297 - 2299
    04/01/2006 Authors: Shafer WM; Folster JP
  • CspA regulates pigment production in Staphylococcus aureus through a SigB-dependent mechanism.
    J Bacteriol Volume: 187 Page(s): 8181 - 8184
    12/01/2005 Authors: Katzif S; Lee E-H; Law AB; Tzeng Y-L; Shafer WM
  • Characterization of the MacA-MacB efflux system in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    J Antimicrob Chemother Volume: 56 Page(s): 856 - 860
    11/01/2005 Authors: Rouquette-Loughlin CE; Balthazar JT; Shafer WM
  • Antimicrobial peptides and endotoxin inhibit cytokine and nitric oxide release but amplify respiratory burst response in human and murine macrophages.
    Cell Microbiol Volume: 7 Page(s): 1251 - 1262
    09/01/2005 Authors: Zughaier SM; Shafer WM; Stephens DS
  • Cationic antimicrobial peptide resistance in Neisseria meningitidis.
    J Bacteriol Volume: 187 Page(s): 5387 - 5396
    08/01/2005 Authors: Tzeng Y-L; Ambrose KD; Zughaier S; Zhou X; Miller YK; Shafer WM; Stephens DS
  • Resistance of neisseria meningitidis to the toxic effects of heme iron and other hydrophobic agents requires expression of ght.
    J Bacteriol Volume: 187 Page(s): 5214 - 5223
    08/01/2005 Authors: Rasmussen AW; Alexander HL; Perkins-Balding D; Shafer WM; Stojiljkovic I
  • Characterization of the multiple transferable resistance repressor, MtrR, from Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    J Bacteriol Volume: 187 Page(s): 5008 - 5012
    07/01/2005 Authors: Hoffmann KM; Williams D; Shafer WM; Brennan RG
  • Regulation of mtrF expression in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and its role in high-level antimicrobial resistance.
    J Bacteriol Volume: 187 Page(s): 3713 - 3720
    06/01/2005 Authors: Folster JP; Shafer WM
  • Degradation of human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 by Staphylococcus aureus-derived proteinases.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother Volume: 48 Page(s): 4673 - 4679
    12/01/2004 Authors: Sieprawska-Lupa M; Mydel P; Krawczyk K; Wjcik K; Puklo M; Lupa B; Suder P; Silberring J; Reed M; Pohl J
  • Porphyrin-based compounds exert antibacterial action against the sexually transmitted pathogens Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus ducreyi.
    Int J Antimicrob Agents Volume: 24 Page(s): 578 - 584
    12/01/2004 Authors: Bozja J; Yi K; Shafer WM; Stojiljkovic I
  • Modulation of the mtrCDE-encoded efflux pump gene complex of Neisseria meningitidis due to a Correia element insertion sequence.
    Mol Microbiol Volume: 54 Page(s): 731 - 741
    11/01/2004 Authors: Rouquette-Loughlin CE; Balthazar JT; Hill SA; Shafer WM
  • The down-regulation of cathepsin G in THP-1 monocytes after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with increased intracellular survival of bacilli.
    Infect Immun Volume: 72 Page(s): 5712 - 5721
    10/01/2004 Authors: Rivera-Marrero CA; Stewart J; Shafer WM; Roman J
  • A mutant form of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae pilus secretin protein PilQ allows increased entry of heme and antimicrobial compounds.
    J Bacteriol Volume: 186 Page(s): 730 - 739
    02/01/2004 Authors: Chen C-J; Tobiason DM; Thomas CE; Shafer WM; Seifert HS; Sparling PF
  • FarR regulates the farAB-encoded efflux pump of Neisseria gonorrhoeae via an MtrR regulatory mechanism.
    J Bacteriol Volume: 185 Page(s): 7145 - 7152
    12/01/2003 Authors: Lee E-H; Rouquette-Loughlin C; Folster JP; Shafer WM
  • Susceptibility of Treponema pallidum to host-derived antimicrobial peptides.
    Peptides Volume: 24 Page(s): 1741 - 1746
    11/01/2003 Authors: Cox DL; Sun Y; Liu H; Lehrer RI; Shafer WM
  • A gonococcal efflux pump system enhances bacterial survival in a female mouse model of genital tract infection.
    Infect Immun Volume: 71 Page(s): 5576 - 5582
    10/01/2003 Authors: Jerse AE; Sharma ND; Simms AN; Crow ET; Snyder LA; Shafer WM
  • The major cold shock gene, cspA, is involved in the susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to an antimicrobial peptide of human cathepsin G.
    Infect Immun Volume: 71 Page(s): 4304 - 4312
    08/01/2003 Authors: Katzif S; Danavall D; Bowers S; Balthazar JT; Shafer WM
  • The NorM efflux pump of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis recognizes antimicrobial cationic compounds.
    J Bacteriol Volume: 185 Page(s): 1101 - 1106
    02/01/2003 Authors: Rouquette-Loughlin C; Dunham SA; Kuhn M; Balthazar JT; Shafer WM
  • The increased bactericidal activity of a fatty acid-modified synthetic antimicrobial peptide of human cathepsin G correlates with its enhanced capacity to interact with model membranes.
    Int J Antimicrob Agents Volume: 21 Page(s): 13 - 19
    01/01/2003 Authors: Mak P; Pohl J; Dubin A; Reed MS; Bowers SE; Fallon MT; Shafer WM
  • Divergence and transcriptional analysis of the division cell wall (dcw) gene cluster in Neisseria spp.
    Mol Microbiol Volume: 47 Page(s): 431 - 442
    01/01/2003 Authors: Snyder LAS; Shafer WM; Saunders NJ
  • Identification of a cell envelope protein (MtrF) involved in hydrophobic antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    J Antimicrob Chemother Volume: 51 Page(s): 27 - 37
    01/01/2003 Authors: Veal WL; Shafer WM
  • Overexpression of the MtrC-MtrD-MtrE efflux pump due to an mtrR mutation is required for chromosomally mediated penicillin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    J Bacteriol Volume: 184 Page(s): 5619 - 5624
    10/01/2002 Authors: Veal WL; Nicholas RA; Shafer WM
  • Inducible, but not constitutive, resistance of gonococci to hydrophobic agents due to the MtrC-MtrD-MtrE efflux pump requires TonB-ExbB-ExbD proteins.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother Volume: 46 Page(s): 561 - 565
    02/01/2002 Authors: Rouquette-Loughlin C; Stojiljkovic I; Hrobowski T; Balthazar JT; Shafer WM
  • Phase variable changes in genes lgtA and lgtC within the lgtABCDE operon of Neisseria gonorrhoeae can modulate gonococcal susceptibility to normal human serum.
    Volume: 8 Page(s): 47 - 58
    01/01/2002 Authors: Shafer WM; Datta A; Kolli VSK; Rahman MM; Balthazar JT; Martin LE; Veal WL; Stephens DS; Carlson R
  • Tailoring an antibacterial peptide of human lysosomal cathepsin G to enhance its broad-spectrum action against antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens.
    Curr Pharm Des Volume: 8 Page(s): 695 - 702
    01/01/2002 Authors: Shafer WM; Katzif S; Bowers S; Fallon M; Hubalek M; Reed MS; Veprek P; Pohl J
  • Decreased susceptibility to azithromycin and erythromycin mediated by a novel mtr(R) promoter mutation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    J Antimicrob Chemother Volume: 47 Page(s): 651 - 654
    05/01/2001 Authors: Zarantonelli L; Borthagaray G; Lee EH; Veal W; Shafer WM
  • Genetic organization and regulation of antimicrobial efflux systems possessed by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis.
    J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol Volume: 3 Page(s): 219 - 224
    04/01/2001 Authors: Shafer WM; Veal WL; Lee EH; Zarantonelli L; Balthazar JT; Rouquette C
  • A putatively phase variable gene (dca) required for natural competence in Neisseria gonorrhoeae but not Neisseria meningitidis is located within the division cell wall (dcw) gene cluster.
    J Bacteriol Volume: 183 Page(s): 1233 - 1241
    02/01/2001 Authors: Snyder LA; Saunders NJ; Shafer WM
  • Gonorrhea among men who have sex with men: outbreak caused by a single genotype of erythromycin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae with a single-base pair deletion in the mtrR promoter region.
    J Infect Dis Volume: 181 Page(s): 2080 - 2082
    06/01/2000 Authors: Xia M; Whittington WL; Shafer WM; Holmes KK
  • Decreased azithromycin susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae due to mtrR mutations.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother Volume: 43 Page(s): 2468 - 2472
    10/01/1999 Authors: Zarantonelli L; Borthagaray G; Lee EH; Shafer WM
  • Use of cefazolin microspheres to treat localized methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in rats.
    J Surg Res Volume: 86 Page(s): 97 - 102
    09/01/1999 Authors: Fallon MT; Shafer W; Jacob E
  • Induction of the mtrCDE-encoded efflux pump system of Neisseria gonorrhoeae requires MtrA, an AraC-like protein.
    Mol Microbiol Volume: 33 Page(s): 651 - 658
    08/01/1999 Authors: Rouquette C; Harmon JB; Shafer WM
  • The farAB-encoded efflux pump mediates resistance of gonococci to long-chained antibacterial fatty acids.
    Mol Microbiol Volume: 33 Page(s): 839 - 845
    08/01/1999 Authors: Lee EH; Shafer WM
  • Loss-of-function mutations in the mtr efflux system of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    Microbiology (Reading) Volume: 144 ( Pt 3) Page(s): 621 - 627
    03/01/1998 Authors: Veal WL; Yellen A; Balthazar JT; Pan W; Spratt BG; Shafer WM
  • Modulation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae susceptibility to vertebrate antibacterial peptides due to a member of the resistance/nodulation/division efflux pump family.
    Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Volume: 95 Page(s): 1829 - 1833
    02/17/1998 Authors: Shafer WM; Qu X; Waring AJ; Lehrer RI
  • Involvement of the gonococcal MtrE protein in the resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to toxic hydrophobic agents.
    Microbiology (Reading) Volume: 143 ( Pt 7) Page(s): 2127 - 2133
    07/01/1997 Authors: Delahay RM; Robertson BD; Balthazar JT; Shafer WM; Ison CA
  • The MtrD protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a member of the resistance/nodulation/division protein family constituting part of an efflux system.
    Microbiology (Reading) Volume: 143 ( Pt 7) Page(s): 2117 - 2125
    07/01/1997 Authors: Hagman KE; Lucas CE; Balthazar JT; Snyder L; Nilles M; Judd RC; Shafer WM
  • The MtrR repressor binds the DNA sequence between the mtrR and mtrC genes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    J Bacteriol Volume: 179 Page(s): 4123 - 4128
    07/01/1997 Authors: Lucas CE; Balthazar JT; Hagman KE; Shafer WM
  • Protegrin structure and activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    Infect Immun Volume: 65 Page(s): 636 - 639
    02/01/1997 Authors: Qu XD; Harwig SS; Shafer WM; Lehrer RI
  • Generation of antiserum to specific epitopes.
    Mol Biotechnol Volume: 6 Page(s): 231 - 240
    12/01/1996 Authors: Marchion DC; Manning DS; Shafer WM; Judd RC
  • Bactericidal activity of a synthetic peptide (CG 117-136) of human lysosomal cathepsin G is dependent on arginine content.
    Infect Immun Volume: 64 Page(s): 4842 - 4845
    11/01/1996 Authors: Shafer WM; Hubalek F; Huang M; Pohl J
  • Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to protegrins.
    Infect Immun Volume: 64 Page(s): 1240 - 1245
    04/01/1996 Authors: Qu XD; Harwig SS; Oren AM; Shafer WM; Lehrer RI
  • Membrane glycerophospholipid biosynthesis in Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: identification, characterization, and mutagenesis of a lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase.
    Mol Microbiol Volume: 18 Page(s): 401 - 412
    11/01/1995 Authors: Swartley JS; Balthazar JT; Coleman J; Shafer WM; Stephens DS
  • Transcriptional control of the mtr efflux system of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    J Bacteriol Volume: 177 Page(s): 4162 - 4165
    07/01/1995 Authors: Hagman KE; Shafer WM
  • Importance of lipooligosaccharide structure in determining gonococcal resistance to hydrophobic antimicrobial agents resulting from the mtr efflux system.
    Mol Microbiol Volume: 16 Page(s): 1001 - 1009
    06/01/1995 Authors: Lucas CE; Hagman KE; Levin JC; Stein DC; Shafer WM
  • Missense mutations that alter the DNA-binding domain of the MtrR protein occur frequently in rectal isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae that are resistant to faecal lipids.
    Microbiology (Reading) Volume: 141 ( Pt 4) Page(s): 907 - 911
    04/01/1995 Authors: Shafer WM; Balthazar JT; Hagman KE; Morse SA
  • Resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antimicrobial hydrophobic agents is modulated by the mtrRCDE efflux system.
    Microbiology (Reading) Volume: 141 ( Pt 3) Page(s): 611 - 622
    03/01/1995 Authors: Hagman KE; Pan W; Spratt BG; Balthazar JT; Judd RC; Shafer WM
  • MODULATION OF GONOCOCCAL RESISTANCE TO TOXIC HYDROPHOBIC ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS BY THE MEMBRANE-PROTEIN MTRC
    JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY Page(s): 46 - 46
    01/04/1994 Authors: HAGMAN KE; PAN W; SPRATT BG; SHAFER WM
  • Bactericidal activities of synthetic human leukocyte cathepsin G-derived antibiotic peptides and congeners against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Capnocytophaga sputigena.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother Volume: 37 Page(s): 2710 - 2715
    12/01/1993 Authors: Miyasaki KT; Bodeau AL; Pohl J; Shafer WM
  • Synthetic peptides of human lysosomal cathepsin G with potent antipseudomonal activity.
    Infect Immun Volume: 61 Page(s): 1900 - 1908
    05/01/1993 Authors: Shafer WM; Shepherd ME; Boltin B; Wells L; Pohl J
  • Gonococcal penicillin-binding protein 3 and the surface-exposed 44kDa peptidoglycan-binding protein appear to be the same molecule.
    Mol Microbiol Volume: 5 Page(s): 1097 - 1103
    05/01/1991 Authors: Shafer WM; Judd RC
  • Identification and characterization of a conserved outer-membrane protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    Mol Microbiol Volume: 5 Page(s): 1091 - 1096
    05/01/1991 Authors: Judd RC; Strange JC; Pettit RK; Shafer WM
  • Human lysosomal cathepsin G and granzyme B share a functionally conserved broad spectrum antibacterial peptide.
    J Biol Chem Volume: 266 Page(s): 112 - 116
    01/05/1991 Authors: Shafer WM; Pohl J; Onunka VC; Bangalore N; Travis J
  • The ontogeny of a 57-Kd cationic antimicrobial protein of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: localization to a novel granule population.
    Blood Volume: 76 Page(s): 825 - 834
    08/15/1990 Authors: Pereira HA; Spitznagel JK; Winton EF; Shafer WM; Martin LE; Guzman GS; Pohl J; Scott RW; Marra MN; Kinkade JM
  • Identification of the primary antimicrobial domains in human neutrophil cathepsin G.
    J Biol Chem Volume: 265 Page(s): 13584 - 13588
    08/15/1990 Authors: Bangalore N; Travis J; Onunka VC; Pohl J; Shafer WM
  • Molecular mechanism for the antigonococcal action of lysosomal cathepsin G.
    Mol Microbiol Volume: 4 Page(s): 1269 - 1277
    08/01/1990 Authors: Shafer WM; Onunka VC; Jannoun M; Huthwaite LW
  • CAP37, a human neutrophil-derived chemotactic factor with monocyte specific activity.
    J Clin Invest Volume: 85 Page(s): 1468 - 1476
    05/01/1990 Authors: Pereira HA; Shafer WM; Pohl J; Martin LE; Spitznagel JK
  • Topographical alterations in proteins I of Neisseria gonorrhoeae correlated with lipooligosaccharide variation.
    Mol Microbiol Volume: 3 Page(s): 637 - 643
    05/01/1989 Authors: Judd RC; Shafer WM
  • Mechanism of staphylococcal resistance to non-oxidative antimicrobial action of neutrophils: importance of pH and ionic strength in determining the bactericidal action of cathepsin G.
    J Gen Microbiol Volume: 135 Page(s): 825 - 830
    04/01/1989 Authors: Shafer WM; Onunka VC
  • Interactions of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with human neutrophils.
    Clin Microbiol Rev Volume: 2 Suppl Page(s): S83 - S91
    04/01/1989 Authors: Rest RF; Shafer WM
  • Interactions of gonococci with phagocytic cells.
    Volume: 43 Page(s): 121 - 145
    01/01/1989 Authors: Shafer WM; Rest RF
  • Lipopolysaccharide structure determines ionic and hydrophobic binding of a cationic antimicrobial neutrophil granule protein.
    Infect Immun Volume: 56 Page(s): 1589 - 1592
    06/01/1988 Authors: Farley MM; Shafer WM; Spitznagel JK
  • Lipopolysaccharide masking of gonococcal outer-membrane proteins modulates binding of bacterial cathepsin G to gonococci.
    J Gen Microbiol Volume: 134 Page(s): 539 - 545
    03/01/1988 Authors: Shafer WM
  • Killing of Proteus mirabilis by polymorphonuclear leukocyte granule proteins: evidence for species specificity by antimicrobial proteins.
    Infect Immun Volume: 56 Page(s): 51 - 53
    01/01/1988 Authors: Shafer WM; Engle SA; Martin LE; Spitznagel JK
  • Nonoxidative antimicrobial effects of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte granule proteins on Chlamydia spp. in vitro.
    Infect Immun Volume: 55 Page(s): 2420 - 2427
    10/01/1987 Authors: Register KB; Davis CH; Wyrick PB; Shafer WM; Spitznagel JK
  • Evidence that the serum resistance genetic locus sac-3 of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is involved in lipopolysaccharide structure.
    J Gen Microbiol Volume: 133 Page(s): 2671 - 2678
    09/01/1987 Authors: Stephens DS; Shafer WM
  • A monoclonal antibody that inhibits the antimicrobial action of a 57 KD cationic protein of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
    J Immunol Volume: 139 Page(s): 1291 - 1296
    08/15/1987 Authors: Spitznagel JK; Pereira HA; Martin LE; Guzman GS; Shafer WM
  • Antimicrobial binding of a radiolabeled cationic neutrophil granule protein.
    Infect Immun Volume: 55 Page(s): 1536 - 1539
    06/01/1987 Authors: Farley MM; Shafer WM; Spitznagel JK
  • SUSCEPTIBILITY OF NEISSERIA-GONORRHOEAE TO KILLING BY NORMAL HUMAN-SERA (NHS) IS CLOSELY LINKED TO CHANGES IN LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE (LPS) STRUCTURE, WHILE BLOCKING OF SERUM KILLING IS INFLUENCED BY STRUCTURE OF PROTEIN-I (PI)
    JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY Page(s): 118 - 118
    01/01/1987 Authors: STEPHENS DS; SHAFER WM; DELRIO C; SANKARAN C; WHITNEY AM
  • Cleavage of the protein III and major iron-regulated protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by lysosomal cathepsin G.
    J Gen Microbiol Volume: 133 Page(s): 155 - 162
    01/01/1987 Authors: Shafer WM; Morse SA
  • Antigonococcal activity of human neutrophil cathepsin G.
    Infect Immun Volume: 54 Page(s): 184 - 188
    10/01/1986 Authors: Shafer WM; Onunka VC; Martin LE
  • Late intraphagosomal hydrogen ion concentration favors the in vitro antimicrobial capacity of a 37-kilodalton cationic granule protein of human neutrophil granulocytes.
    Infect Immun Volume: 53 Page(s): 651 - 655
    09/01/1986 Authors: Shafer WM; Martin LE; Spitznagel JK
  • A spontaneous mutant of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with decreased resistance to neutrophil granule proteins.
    J Infect Dis Volume: 153 Page(s): 910 - 917
    05/01/1986 Authors: Shafer WM; Onunka V; Hitchcock PJ
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae survive intraleukocytic oxygen-independent antimicrobial capacities of anaerobic and aerobic granulocytes in the presence of pyocin lethal for extracellular gonococci.
    Infect Immun Volume: 52 Page(s): 384 - 389
    05/01/1986 Authors: Casey SG; Shafer WM; Spitznagel JK
  • Distribution of an antigenically related iron-regulated protein among the Neisseria spp.
    Infect Immun Volume: 51 Page(s): 60 - 68
    01/01/1986 Authors: Mietzner TA; Barnes RC; JeanLouis YA; Shafer WM; Morse SA
  • Analyses of gonococcal H8 antigen. Surface location, inter- and intrastrain electrophoretic heterogeneity, and unusual two-dimensional electrophoretic characteristics.
    J Exp Med Volume: 162 Page(s): 2017 - 2034
    12/01/1985 Authors: Hitchcock PJ; Hayes SF; Mayer LW; Shafer WM; Tessier SL
  • Anaerobiosis increases resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to O2-independent antimicrobial proteins from human polymorphonuclear granulocytes.
    Infect Immun Volume: 47 Page(s): 401 - 407
    02/01/1985 Authors: Casey SG; Shafer WM; Spitznagel JK
  • Neutrophil killing of bacteria by oxygen-independent mechanisms: a historical summary.
    Rev Infect Dis Volume: 7 Page(s): 398 - 403
    01/01/1985 Authors: Spitznagel JK; Shafer WM
  • Cationic antimicrobial proteins isolated from human neutrophil granulocytes in the presence of diisopropyl fluorophosphate.
    Infect Immun Volume: 45 Page(s): 29 - 35
    07/01/1984 Authors: Shafer WM; Martin LE; Spitznagel JK
  • Identification of an envelope mutation (env-10) resulting in increased antibiotic susceptibility and pyocin resistance in a clinical isolate of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother Volume: 25 Page(s): 767 - 769
    06/01/1984 Authors: Shafer WM; Guymon LF; Lind I; Sparling PF
  • Lipid A and resistance of Salmonella typhimurium to antimicrobial granule proteins of human neutrophil granulocytes.
    Infect Immun Volume: 43 Page(s): 834 - 838
    03/01/1984 Authors: Shafer WM; Casey SG; Spitznagel JK
  • Serum sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: the role of lipopolysaccharide.
    J Infect Dis Volume: 149 Page(s): 175 - 183
    02/01/1984 Authors: Shafer WM; Joiner K; Guymon LF; Cohen MS; Sparling PF
  • SENSITIVITY OF SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM TO POLYMORPHONUCLEAR GRANULOCYTE EXTRACTS - ROLE OF LIPID-A
    REVIEWS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES Volume: 6 Page(s): 577 - 577
    01/01/1984 Authors: SHAFER W; SPITZNAGEL J
  • Pyocin-resistant lipopolysaccharide mutans of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: alterations in sensitivity to normal human serum and polymyxin B.
    Infect Immun Volume: 36 Page(s): 541 - 547
    05/01/1982 Authors: Guymon LF; Esser M; Shafer WM
  • Identification of a new genetic site (sac-3+) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae that affects sensitivity to normal human serum.
    Infect Immun Volume: 35 Page(s): 764 - 769
    03/01/1982 Authors: Shafer WM; Guymon LF; Sparling PF
  • Transduction of staphylococcal enterotoxin B synthesis: establishment of the toxin gene in a recombination-deficient mutant.
    Infect Immun Volume: 27 Page(s): 280 - 282
    01/01/1980 Authors: Shafer WM; Iandolo JJ
  • Genetics of staphylococcal enterotoxin B in methicillin-resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus.
    Infect Immun Volume: 25 Page(s): 902 - 911
    09/01/1979 Authors: Shafer WM; Iandolo JJ
  • Staphylococcal enterotoxin A: a chromosomal gene product.
    Appl Environ Microbiol Volume: 36 Page(s): 389 - 391
    08/01/1978 Authors: Shafer WM; Iandolo JJ
  • Chromosomal locus for staphylococcal enterotoxin B.
    Infect Immun Volume: 20 Page(s): 273 - 278
    04/01/1978 Authors: Shafer WM; Iandolo JJ
  • Regulation of staphylococcal enterotoxin B.
    Infect Immun Volume: 16 Page(s): 610 - 616
    05/01/1977 Authors: Iandolo JJ; Shafer WM
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